model.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
# ============================================================================
#  Copyright (c) nexB Inc. http://www.nexb.com/ - All rights reserved.
#  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
#  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
#  You may obtain a copy of the License at
#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
#  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
#  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
#  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
#  limitations under the License.
# ============================================================================

"""
AboutCode toolkit is a tool to process ABOUT files. ABOUT files are
small text files that document the provenance (aka. the origin and
license) of software components as well as the essential obligation
such as attribution/credits and source code redistribution. See the
ABOUT spec at http://dejacode.org.

AboutCode toolkit reads and validates ABOUT files and collect software
components inventories.
"""

import json
import os
import posixpath
from requests import get, head, exceptions
import sys
import traceback
from itertools import zip_longest

from urllib.parse import urljoin
from urllib.parse import urlparse

from license_expression import Licensing
from packageurl import PackageURL

from attributecode import __version__
from attributecode import CRITICAL
from attributecode import ERROR
from attributecode import INFO
from attributecode import WARNING
from attributecode import api
from attributecode import Error
from attributecode import saneyaml
from attributecode import gen
from attributecode import util
from attributecode.transform import write_excel
from attributecode.util import add_unc
from attributecode.util import boolean_fields
from attributecode.util import copy_license_notice_files
from attributecode.util import copy_file
from attributecode.util import csv
from attributecode.util import file_fields
from attributecode.util import filter_errors
from attributecode.util import get_spdx_key_and_lic_key_from_licdb
from attributecode.util import is_valid_name
from attributecode.util import on_windows
from attributecode.util import norm
from attributecode.util import replace_tab_with_spaces
from attributecode.util import wrap_boolean_value
from attributecode.util import UNC_PREFIX
from attributecode.util import ungroup_licenses
from attributecode.util import ungroup_licenses_from_sctk

genereated_tk_version = "# Generated with AboutCode Toolkit Version %s \n\n" % __version__


class Field(object):
    """
    An ABOUT file field. The initial value is a string. Subclasses can and
    will alter the value type as needed.
    """

    def __init__(self, name=None, value=None, required=False, present=False):
        # normalized names are lowercased per specification
        self.name = name
        # save this and do not mutate it afterwards
        if isinstance(value, str):
            self.original_value = value
        # elif value:
        # Don't convert it to string. Leave the format as-is
        #    self.original_value = repr(value)
        else:
            self.original_value = value

        # can become a string, list or OrderedDict() after validation
        self.value = value or self.default_value()

        self.required = required
        # True if the field is present in an About object
        self.present = present

        self.errors = []

    def default_value(self):
        return ""

    def validate(self, *args, **kwargs):
        """
        Validate and normalize thyself. Return a list of errors.
        """
        errors = []
        name = self.name

        self.value = self.default_value()
        if not self.present:
            # required fields must be present
            if self.required:
                msg = "Field %(name)s is required"
                errors.append(Error(CRITICAL, msg % locals()))
                return errors
        else:
            # present fields should have content ...
            # The boolean value can be True, False and None
            # The value True or False is the content of boolean fields
            if not name in boolean_fields and not self.has_content:
                # ... especially if required
                if self.required:
                    msg = "Field %(name)s is required and empty"
                    severity = CRITICAL
                else:
                    severity = INFO
                    msg = "Field %(name)s is present but empty."
                errors.append(Error(severity, msg % locals()))
            else:
                # present fields with content go through validation...
                # first trim any trailing spaces on each line
                if isinstance(self.original_value, str):
                    value = "\n".join(s.rstrip() for s in self.original_value.splitlines(False))
                    # then strip leading and trailing spaces
                    value = value.strip()
                else:
                    value = self.original_value
                self.value = value
                try:
                    validation_errors = self._validate(*args, **kwargs)
                    errors.extend(validation_errors)
                except Exception as e:
                    emsg = repr(e)
                    msg = "Error validating field %(name)s: %(value)r: %(emsg)r"
                    errors.append(Error(CRITICAL, msg % locals()))
                    raise

        # set or reset self
        self.errors = errors
        return errors

    def _validate(self, *args, **kwargs):
        """
        Validate and normalize thyself. Return a list of errors.
        Subclasses should override as needed.
        """
        return []

    def _serialized_value(self):
        return self.value if self.value else ""

    def serialize(self):
        """
        Return a unicode serialization of self in the ABOUT format.
        """
        name = self.name
        value = self.serialized_value() or ""
        if self.has_content or self.value:
            value = value.splitlines(True)
            # multi-line
            if len(value) > 1:
                # This code is used to read the YAML's multi-line format in
                # ABOUT files
                # (Test: test_loads_dumps_is_idempotent)
                if value[0].strip() == "|" or value[0].strip() == ">":
                    value = " ".join(value)
                else:
                    # Insert '|' as the indicator for multi-line follow by a
                    # newline character
                    value.insert(0, "|\n")
                    # insert 4 spaces for newline values
                    value = "    ".join(value)
            else:
                # FIXME: See https://github.com/nexB/aboutcode-toolkit/issues/323
                # The yaml.load() will throw error if the parsed value
                # contains ': ' character. A work around is to put a pipe, '|'
                # to indicate the whole value as a string
                if value and ": " in value[0]:
                    value.insert(0, "|\n")
                    # insert 4 spaces for newline values
                    value = "    ".join(value)
                else:
                    value = "".join(value)

        serialized = "%(name)s:" % locals()
        if value:
            serialized += " " + "%(value)s" % locals()
        return serialized

    def serialized_value(self):
        """
        Return a unicode serialization of self in the ABOUT format.
        Does not include a white space for continuations.
        """
        return self._serialized_value() or ""

    @property
    def has_content(self):
        return self.original_value

    def __repr__(self):
        name = self.name
        value = self.value
        required = self.required
        has_content = self.has_content
        present = self.present
        r = "Field(name=%(name)r, value=%(value)r, required=%(required)r, present=%(present)r)"
        return r % locals()

    def __eq__(self, other):
        """
        Equality based on string content value, ignoring spaces.
        """
        return (
            isinstance(other, self.__class__)
            and self.name == other.name
            and self.value == other.value
        )


class StringField(Field):
    """
    A field containing a string value possibly on multiple lines.
    The validated value is a string.
    """

    def _validate(self, *args, **kwargs):
        errors = super(StringField, self)._validate(*args, **kwargs)
        no_special_char_field = [
            "license_expression",
            "license_key",
            "license_name",
            "declared_license_expression",
            "other_license_expression ",
        ]
        name = self.name
        if name in no_special_char_field:
            val = self.value
            special_char = detect_special_char(val)
            if special_char:
                msg = (
                    "The following character(s) cannot be in the %(name)s: "
                    "%(special_char)r" % locals()
                )
                errors.append(Error(ERROR, msg))
        return errors

    def _serialized_value(self):
        return self.value if self.value else ""

    def __eq__(self, other):
        """
        Equality based on string content value, ignoring spaces
        """
        if not (isinstance(other, self.__class__) and self.name == other.name):
            return False

        if self.value == other.value:
            return True

        # compare values stripped from spaces. Empty and None are equal
        if self.value:
            sval = "".join(self.value.split())
        if not sval:
            sval = None

        if other.value:
            oval = "".join(other.value.split())
        if not oval:
            oval = None

        if sval == oval:
            return True


class SingleLineField(StringField):
    """
    A field containing a string value on a single line. The validated value is
    a string.
    """

    def _validate(self, *args, **kwargs):
        errors = super(SingleLineField, self)._validate(*args, **kwargs)
        if self.value and isinstance(self.value, str) and "\n" in self.value:
            name = self.name
            value = self.original_value
            msg = "Field %(name)s: Cannot span multiple lines: %(value)s" % locals()
            errors.append(Error(ERROR, msg))
        return errors


class ListField(StringField):
    """
    A field containing a list of string values, one per line. The validated
    value is a list.
    """

    def default_value(self):
        return []

    def _validate(self, *args, **kwargs):
        errors = super(ListField, self)._validate(*args, **kwargs)

        # reset
        self.value = []

        if isinstance(self.original_value, str):
            values = self.original_value.splitlines(False)
        elif isinstance(self.original_value, list):
            values = self.original_value
        else:
            values = [repr(self.original_value)]

        for val in values:
            if isinstance(val, str):
                val = val.strip()
            if not val:
                name = self.name
                msg = "Field %(name)s: ignored empty list value" % locals()
                errors.append(Error(INFO, msg))
                continue
            # keep only unique and report error for duplicates
            if val not in self.value:
                self.value.append(val)
            else:
                name = self.name
                msg = "Field %(name)s: ignored duplicated list value: %(val)r" % locals()
                errors.append(Error(WARNING, msg))
        return errors

    def _serialized_value(self):
        return self.value if self.value else ""

    def __eq__(self, other):
        """
        Equality based on sort-insensitive values
        """

        if not (isinstance(other, self.__class__) and self.name == other.name):
            return False

        if self.value == other.value:
            return True

        # compare values stripped from spaces.
        sval = []
        if self.value and isinstance(self.value, list):
            sval = sorted(self.value)

        oval = []
        if other.value and isinstance(other.value, list):
            oval = sorted(other.value)

        if sval == oval:
            return True


class PackageUrlField(StringField):
    """
    A Package URL field. The validated value is a purl.
    """

    def _validate(self, *args, **kwargs):
        """
        Check that Package URL is valid. Return a list of errors.
        """
        errors = super(PackageUrlField, self)._validate(*args, **kwargs)
        name = self.name
        val = self.value
        if not self.is_valid_purl(val):
            msg = "Field %(name)s: Invalid Package URL: %(val)s" % locals()
            errors.append(Error(WARNING, msg))
        return errors

    @staticmethod
    def is_valid_purl(purl):
        """
        Return True if a Package URL is valid.
        """
        try:
            return bool(PackageURL.from_string(purl))
        except:
            return False


class UrlListField(ListField):
    """
    A URL field. The validated value is a list of URLs.
    """

    def _validate(self, *args, **kwargs):
        """
        Check that URLs are valid. Return a list of errors.
        """
        errors = super(UrlListField, self)._validate(*args, **kwargs)
        name = self.name
        val = self.value
        for url in val:
            if not self.is_valid_url(url):
                msg = "Field %(name)s: Invalid URL: %(val)s" % locals()
                errors.append(Error(WARNING, msg))
        return errors

    @staticmethod
    def is_valid_url(url):
        """
        Return True if a URL is valid.
        """
        scheme, netloc, _path, _p, _q, _frg = urlparse(url)
        valid = scheme in ("http", "https", "ftp") and netloc
        return valid


class UrlField(StringField):
    """
    A URL field. The validated value is a URL.
    """

    def _validate(self, *args, **kwargs):
        """
        Check that URL is valid. Return a list of errors.
        """
        errors = super(UrlField, self)._validate(*args, **kwargs)
        name = self.name
        val = self.value
        if not self.is_valid_url(val):
            msg = "Field %(name)s: Invalid URL: %(val)s" % locals()
            errors.append(Error(WARNING, msg))
        return errors

    @staticmethod
    def is_valid_url(url):
        """
        Return True if a URL is valid.
        """
        scheme, netloc, _path, _p, _q, _frg = urlparse(url)
        valid = scheme in ("http", "https", "ftp") and netloc
        return valid


class PathField(ListField):
    """
    A field pointing to one or more paths relative to the ABOUT file location.
    The validated value is an ordered dict of path->location or None.
    The paths can also be resolved
    """

    def default_value(self):
        return {}

    def _validate(self, *args, **kwargs):
        """
        Ensure that paths point to existing resources. Normalize to posix
        paths. Return a list of errors.

        base_dir is the directory location of the ABOUT file used to resolve
        relative paths to actual file locations.
        """
        errors = super(PathField, self)._validate(*args, **kwargs)
        self.about_file_path = kwargs.get("about_file_path")
        self.running_inventory = kwargs.get("running_inventory")
        self.base_dir = kwargs.get("base_dir")
        self.reference_dir = kwargs.get("reference_dir")

        if self.base_dir:
            self.base_dir = util.to_posix(self.base_dir)

        name = self.name

        # Why are paths a dict?
        # Ans: The reason why the PathField use a dict is because
        # for the FileTextField, the key is used as the path to the file and
        # the value is used as the context of the file
        # dict of normalized paths to a location or None
        paths = {}

        for path_value in self.value:
            p = path_value.split(",")
            for path in p:
                path = path.strip()
                path = util.to_posix(path)

                # normalize eventual / to .
                # and a succession of one or more ////// to . too
                if path.strip() and not path.strip(posixpath.sep):
                    path = "."

                # removing leading and trailing path separator
                # path are always relative
                path = path.strip(posixpath.sep)

                # the license files, if need to be copied, are located under the path
                # set from the 'license-text-location' option, so the tool should check
                # at the 'license-text-location' instead of the 'base_dir'
                if not (self.base_dir or self.reference_dir):
                    msg = (
                        "Field %(name)s: Unable to verify path: %(path)s:"
                        " No base directory provided" % locals()
                    )
                    errors.append(Error(ERROR, msg))
                    location = None
                    paths[path] = location
                    continue
                if self.reference_dir:
                    location = posixpath.join(self.reference_dir, path)
                else:
                    # The 'about_resource' should be a joined path with
                    # the 'about_file_path' and the 'base_dir
                    if not self.running_inventory and self.about_file_path:
                        # Get the parent directory of the 'about_file_path'
                        afp_parent = posixpath.dirname(self.about_file_path)

                        # Create a relative 'about_resource' path by joining the
                        # parent of the 'about_file_path' with the value of the
                        # 'about_resource'
                        arp = posixpath.join(afp_parent, path)
                        normalized_arp = posixpath.normpath(arp).strip(posixpath.sep)
                        location = posixpath.join(self.base_dir, normalized_arp)
                    else:
                        location = posixpath.normpath(posixpath.join(self.base_dir, path))

                location = util.to_native(location)
                location = os.path.abspath(os.path.normpath(location))
                location = util.to_posix(location)
                location = add_unc(location)

                if not os.path.exists(location):
                    # We don't want to show the UNC_PREFIX in the error message
                    location = util.to_posix(location.strip(UNC_PREFIX))
                    msg = "Field %(name)s: Path %(location)s not found" % locals()
                    # We want to show INFO error for 'about_resource'
                    if name == "about_resource":
                        errors.append(Error(INFO, msg))
                    else:
                        errors.append(Error(CRITICAL, msg))
                    location = None

                paths[path] = location

        self.value = paths
        return errors


class AboutResourceField(PathField):
    """
    Special field for about_resource. self.resolved_paths contains a list of
    the paths resolved relative to the about file path.
    """

    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        super(AboutResourceField, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
        self.resolved_paths = []

    def _validate(self, *args, **kwargs):
        errors = super(AboutResourceField, self)._validate(*args, **kwargs)
        return errors


class IgnoredResourcesField(PathField):
    """
    Special field for ignored_resources. self.ignored_paths contains a list of
    path patterns (glob patterns) which are not part of the summarization provided
    by the ABOUT file.
    """

    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        super(AboutResourceField, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
        self.resolved_paths = []

    def _validate(self, *args, **kwargs):
        errors = super(AboutResourceField, self)._validate(*args, **kwargs)
        return errors


class FileTextField(PathField):
    """
    A path field pointing to one or more text files such as license files.
    The validated value is an ordered dict of path->Text or None if no
    location or text could not be loaded.
    """

    def _validate(self, *args, **kwargs):
        """
        Load and validate the texts referenced by paths fields. Return a list
        of errors. base_dir is the directory used to resolve a file location
        from a path.
        """
        errors = super(FileTextField, self)._validate(*args, **kwargs)
        # a FileTextField is a PathField
        # self.value is a paths to location ordered dict
        # we will replace the location with the text content
        name = self.name
        for path, location in self.value.items():
            if not location:
                # do not try to load if no location
                # errors about non existing locations are PathField errors
                # already collected.
                continue
            try:
                # TODO: we have lots the location by replacing it with a text
                location = add_unc(location)
                with open(location, encoding="utf-8", errors="replace") as txt:
                    text = txt.read()
                self.value[path] = text
            except Exception as e:
                # only keep the first 100 char of the exception
                emsg = repr(e)[:100]
                msg = (
                    "Field %(name)s: Failed to load text at path: "
                    "%(path)s "
                    "with error: %(emsg)s" % locals()
                )
                errors.append(Error(ERROR, msg))
        # set or reset self
        self.errors = errors
        return errors


class BooleanField(SingleLineField):
    """
    An flag field with a boolean value. Validated value is False, True or None.
    """

    def default_value(self):
        return None

    true_flags = ("yes", "y", "true", "x")
    false_flags = ("no", "n", "false")
    flag_values = true_flags + false_flags

    def _validate(self, *args, **kwargs):
        """
        Check that flag are valid. Convert flags to booleans. Default flag to
        False. Return a list of errors.
        """
        errors = super(BooleanField, self)._validate(*args, **kwargs)
        self.about_file_path = kwargs.get("about_file_path")
        flag = self.get_flag(self.original_value)
        if flag is False:
            name = self.name
            val = self.original_value
            about_file_path = self.about_file_path
            flag_values = self.flag_values
            msg = (
                "Path: %(about_file_path)s - Field %(name)s: Invalid flag value: %(val)r is not "
                "one of: %(flag_values)s" % locals()
            )
            errors.append(Error(ERROR, msg))
            self.value = None
        elif flag is None:
            name = self.name
            msg = "Field %(name)s: field is present but empty. " % locals()
            errors.append(Error(INFO, msg))
            self.value = None
        else:
            if flag == "yes" or flag is True:
                self.value = True
            else:
                self.value = False
        return errors

    def get_flag(self, value):
        """
        Return a normalized existing flag value if found in the list of
        possible values or None if empty or False if not found or original value
        if it is not a boolean value
        """
        if value is None or value == "":
            return None

        if isinstance(value, bool):
            return value
        else:
            if isinstance(value, str):
                value = value.strip()
                if not value:
                    return None

                value = value.lower()
                if value in self.flag_values:
                    if value in self.true_flags:
                        return "yes"
                    else:
                        return "no"
                else:
                    return False
            else:
                return False

    @property
    def has_content(self):
        """
        Return true if it has content regardless of what value, False otherwise
        """
        if self.original_value:
            return True
        return False

    def _serialized_value(self):
        # default normalized values for serialization
        if self.value:
            return "yes"
        elif self.value is False:
            return "no"
        else:
            # self.value is None
            # TODO: should we serialize to No for None???
            return ""

    def __eq__(self, other):
        """
        Boolean equality
        """
        return (
            isinstance(other, self.__class__)
            and self.name == other.name
            and self.value == other.value
        )


class BooleanAndTwoCharactersField(SingleLineField):
    """
    Field with either a boolean value or character(s) value (at most 2
    characters). Validated value is False, True, None or character value.
    """

    def default_value(self):
        return None

    true_flags = ("yes", "y", "true", "x")
    false_flags = ("no", "n", "false")
    flag_values = true_flags + false_flags

    def _validate(self, *args, **kwargs):
        """
        Check that flag are valid with either boolean value or character value.
        Default flag to False. Return a list of errors.
        """
        errors = super(BooleanAndTwoCharactersField, self)._validate(*args, **kwargs)
        self.about_file_path = kwargs.get("about_file_path")
        flag = self.get_value(self.original_value)
        if flag is False:
            name = self.name
            val = self.original_value
            about_file_path = self.about_file_path
            flag_values = self.flag_values
            msg = (
                "Path: %(about_file_path)s - Field %(name)s: Invalid value: %(val)r is not "
                "one of: %(flag_values)s and it is not a 1 or 2 character value." % locals()
            )
            errors.append(Error(ERROR, msg))
            self.value = None
        elif flag is None:
            name = self.name
            msg = "Field %(name)s: field is present but empty. " % locals()
            errors.append(Error(INFO, msg))
            self.value = None
        else:
            if flag == "yes" or flag is True:
                self.value = True
            elif flag == "no":
                self.value = False
            else:
                self.value = flag
        return errors

    def get_value(self, value):
        """
        Return a normalized existing value if found in the list of
        possible values or None if empty or False if not found or original value
        if it is not a boolean value
        """
        if value is None or value == "":
            return None

        if isinstance(value, bool):
            return value
        else:
            if isinstance(value, str):
                value = value.strip()
                if not value:
                    return None

                value = value.lower()
                if value in self.flag_values or len(value) <= 2:
                    if value in self.true_flags:
                        return "yes"
                    elif value in self.false_flags:
                        return "no"
                    else:
                        return value
                else:
                    return False
            else:
                return False

    @property
    def has_content(self):
        """
        Return true if it has content regardless of what value, False otherwise
        """
        if self.original_value:
            return True
        return False

    def _serialized_value(self):
        # default normalized values for serialization
        if self.value:
            if isinstance(self.value, bool):
                return "yes"
            else:
                return self.value
        elif self.value is False:
            return "no"
        else:
            # self.value is None
            # TODO: should we serialize to No for None???
            return ""


def validate_fields(fields, about_file_path, running_inventory, base_dir, reference_dir=None):
    """
    Validate a sequence of Field objects. Return a list of errors.
    Validation may update the Field objects as needed as a side effect.
    """
    errors = []
    for f in fields:
        val_err = f.validate(
            base_dir=base_dir,
            about_file_path=about_file_path,
            running_inventory=running_inventory,
            reference_dir=reference_dir,
        )
        errors.extend(val_err)
    return errors


def validate_field_name(name):
    if not is_valid_name(name):
        msg = (
            "Field name: %(name)r contains illegal name characters "
            "(or empty spaces) and is ignored."
        )
        return Error(WARNING, msg % locals())


class License:
    """
    Represent a License object
    """

    def __init__(self, key, name, filename, url, text):
        self.key = key
        self.name = name
        self.filename = filename
        self.url = url
        self.text = text


class About(object):
    """
    Represent an ABOUT file and functions to parse and validate a file.
    """

    # special names, used only when serializing lists of ABOUT files to CSV or
    # similar

    # name of the attribute containing the relative ABOUT file path
    ABOUT_FILE_PATH_ATTR = "about_file_path"

    # name of the attribute containing the resolved relative Resources paths
    about_resource_path_attr = "about_resource_path"

    # name of the attribute containing the resolved relative Resources paths
    ABOUT_RESOURCE_ATTR = "about_resource"

    # Required fields
    required_fields = ["name"]

    def get_required_fields(self):
        return [f for f in self.fields if f.required]

    def set_standard_fields(self):
        """
        Create fields in an ordered dict to keep a standard ordering. We
        could use a metaclass to track ordering django-like but this approach
        is simpler.
        """
        self.fields = dict(
            [
                ("about_resource", AboutResourceField()),
                ("ignored_resources", AboutResourceField()),
                ("name", SingleLineField(required=True)),
                ("version", SingleLineField()),
                ("download_url", UrlField()),
                ("description", StringField()),
                ("homepage_url", UrlField()),
                ("package_url", PackageUrlField()),
                ("notes", StringField()),
                ("license_expression", SingleLineField()),
                ("license_key", ListField()),
                ("license_name", ListField()),
                ("license_file", FileTextField()),
                ("license_url", UrlListField()),
                ("spdx_license_expression", SingleLineField()),
                ("spdx_license_key", ListField()),
                ("declared_license_expression", SingleLineField()),
                ("other_license_expression", SingleLineField()),
                ("copyright", StringField()),
                ("notice_file", FileTextField()),
                ("notice_url", UrlField()),
                ("redistribute", BooleanField()),
                ("attribute", BooleanAndTwoCharactersField()),
                ("track_changes", BooleanField()),
                ("modified", BooleanField()),
                ("internal_use_only", BooleanField()),
                ("changelog_file", FileTextField()),
                ("owner", StringField()),
                ("owner_url", UrlField()),
                ("contact", StringField()),
                ("author", StringField()),
                ("author_file", FileTextField()),
                ("vcs_tool", SingleLineField()),
                ("vcs_repository", SingleLineField()),
                ("vcs_path", SingleLineField()),
                ("vcs_tag", SingleLineField()),
                ("vcs_branch", SingleLineField()),
                ("vcs_revision", SingleLineField()),
                ("checksum_md5", SingleLineField()),
                ("checksum_sha1", SingleLineField()),
                ("checksum_sha256", SingleLineField()),
                ("spec_version", SingleLineField()),
            ]
        )

        for name, field in self.fields.items():
            # we could have a hack to get the actual field name
            # but setting an attribute is explicit and cleaner
            field.name = name
            setattr(self, name, field)

    def __init__(self, location=None, about_file_path=None, strict=False):
        """
        Create an instance.
        If strict is True, raise an Exception on errors. Otherwise the errors
        attribute contains the errors.
        """
        self.set_standard_fields()
        self.custom_fields = {}

        self.errors = []

        # about file path relative to the root of an inventory using posix
        # path separators
        self.about_file_path = about_file_path

        # os native absolute location, using posix path separators
        self.location = location
        self.base_dir = None
        if self.location:
            self.base_dir = os.path.dirname(location)
            self.errors.extend(self.load(location))
            if strict and self.errors and filter_errors(self.errors):
                msg = "\n".join(map(str, self.errors))
                raise Exception(msg)

    def __repr__(self):
        return repr(self.all_fields())

    def __eq__(self, other):
        """
        Equality based on fields and custom_fields., i.e. content.
        """
        return (
            isinstance(other, self.__class__)
            and self.fields == other.fields
            and self.custom_fields == other.custom_fields
        )

    def all_fields(self):
        """
        Return the list of all Field objects.
        """
        return list(self.fields.values()) + list(self.custom_fields.values())

    def as_dict(self):
        """
        Return all the standard fields and customer-defined fields of this
        About object in an ordered dict.
        """
        data = {}
        data[self.ABOUT_FILE_PATH_ATTR] = self.about_file_path
        with_values = ((fld.name, fld.serialized_value()) for fld in self.all_fields())
        non_empty = ((name, value) for name, value in with_values if value)
        data.update(non_empty)
        return data

    def hydrate(self, fields):
        """
        Process an iterable of field (name, value) tuples. Update or create
        Fields attributes and the fields and custom fields dictionaries.
        Return a list of errors.
        """
        errors = []
        seen_fields = {}
        illegal_name_list = []

        for name, value in fields:
            orig_name = name
            name = name.lower()

            # Some special attributes
            if name == self.ABOUT_FILE_PATH_ATTR:
                # this is a special attribute set directly on object
                setattr(self, name, value)
                continue

            if name == self.about_resource_path_attr:
                # this is a special attribute, skip entirely
                continue

            # A field that has been already processed ... and has a value
            previous_value = seen_fields.get(name)
            if previous_value:
                if value != previous_value:
                    msg = (
                        "Field %(orig_name)s is a duplicate. "
                        'Original value: "%(previous_value)s" '
                        'replaced with: "%(value)s"'
                    )
                    errors.append(Error(WARNING, msg % locals()))
                    continue

            seen_fields[name] = value

            # A standard field (could be essential/required or not)
            standard_field = self.fields.get(name)
            if standard_field:
                standard_field.original_value = value
                standard_field.value = value
                standard_field.present = True
                continue

            # A custom field
            # is the name valid?
            if not is_valid_name(name):
                if not name in illegal_name_list:
                    illegal_name_list.append(name)
                continue

            msg = "Custom Field: %(orig_name)s"
            errors.append(Error(INFO, msg % locals()))
            # is this a known one?
            custom_field = self.custom_fields.get(name)
            if custom_field:
                # An known custom field
                custom_field.original_value = value
                custom_field.value = value
                custom_field.present = True
            else:
                # A new, unknown custom field
                custom_field = Field(name=name, value=value, present=True)
                self.custom_fields[name] = custom_field
                # FIXME: why would this ever fail???
                try:
                    if name in dir(self):
                        raise Exception("Illegal field: %(name)r: %(value)r." % locals())
                    setattr(self, name, custom_field)
                except:
                    msg = "Internal error with custom field: %(name)r: %(value)r."
                    errors.append(Error(CRITICAL, msg % locals()))

        if illegal_name_list:
            msg = (
                "Field name: %(illegal_name_list)r contains illegal name characters "
                "(or empty spaces) and is ignored."
            )
            errors.append(Error(WARNING, msg % locals()))
        return errors

    def process(
        self,
        fields,
        about_file_path,
        running_inventory=False,
        base_dir=None,
        scancode=False,
        from_attrib=False,
        reference_dir=None,
    ):
        """
        Validate and set as attributes on this About object a sequence of
        `fields` name/value tuples. Return a list of errors.
        """
        self.base_dir = base_dir
        self.reference_dir = reference_dir
        afp = self.about_file_path

        errors = self.hydrate(fields)

        # We want to copy the license_files before the validation
        if reference_dir and not from_attrib:
            copy_err = copy_license_notice_files(fields, base_dir, reference_dir, afp)
            errors.extend(copy_err)

        # TODO: why? we validate all fields, not only these hydrated
        # The validate functions does not allow duplicated entry for a list meaning
        # it will cause problem when using scancode license detection as an input as
        # it usually returns duplicated license_key and many license have duplicated
        # score such as 100. We need to handle this scenario using different method.
        if not scancode:
            validation_errors = validate_fields(
                self.all_fields(),
                about_file_path,
                running_inventory,
                self.base_dir,
                self.reference_dir,
            )
            errors.extend(validation_errors)
        return errors

    def load(self, location):
        """
        Read, parse and process the ABOUT file at `location`.
        Return a list of errors and update self with errors.
        """
        self.location = location
        loc = util.to_posix(location)
        base_dir = posixpath.dirname(loc)
        errors = []
        try:
            loc = add_unc(loc)
            with open(loc, encoding="utf-8", errors="replace") as txt:
                input_text = txt.read()
            if not input_text:
                msg = "ABOUT file is empty: %(location)r"
                errors.append(Error(CRITICAL, msg % locals()))
                self.errors = errors
                return errors
            # The 'Yes' and 'No' will be converted to 'True' and 'False' in the yaml.load()
            # Therefore, we need to wrap the original value in quote to prevent
            # the conversion
            pre_input = wrap_boolean_value(input_text)
            # saneyaml.load() will have parsing error if the input has
            # tab value. Therefore, we should check if the input contains
            # any tab and then convert it to spaces.
            input = replace_tab_with_spaces(pre_input)
            # FIXME: this should be done in the commands, not here
            """
            The running_inventory defines if the current process is 'inventory' or not.
            This is used for the validation of the path of the 'about_resource'.
            In the 'inventory' command, the code will use the parent of the about_file_path
            location and join with the 'about_resource' for the validation.
            On the other hand, in the 'gen' command, the code will use the
            generated location (aka base_dir) along with the parent of the about_file_path
            and then join with the 'about_resource'
            """
            running_inventory = True
            data = saneyaml.load(input, allow_duplicate_keys=False)
            errs = self.load_dict(data, base_dir, running_inventory=running_inventory)
            errors.extend(errs)
        except Exception as e:
            # The trace is good for debugging, but probably not good for user to
            # see the traceback message
            # trace = traceback.format_exc()
            # msg = 'Cannot load invalid ABOUT file: %(location)r: %(e)r\n%(trace)s'
            msg = "Cannot load invalid ABOUT file: %(location)r: %(e)r"
            errors.append(Error(CRITICAL, msg % locals()))

        self.errors = errors
        return errors

    # FIXME: should be a from_dict class factory instead
    # FIXME: running_inventory: remove this : this should be done in the commands, not here

    def load_dict(
        self,
        fields_dict,
        base_dir,
        scancode=False,
        from_attrib=False,
        running_inventory=False,
        reference_dir=None,
    ):
        """
        Load this About object file from a `fields_dict` name/value dict.
        Return a list of errors.
        """
        # do not keep empty
        fields = list(fields_dict.items())

        if scancode:
            have_copyright = False
            for key, value in fields:
                if not value:
                    continue
                if key == "copyrights":
                    have_copyright = True
                elif key == "license_detections":
                    lic_list = ungroup_licenses_from_sctk(value)
                    lic_exp_list = []
                    for detected_license in value:
                        if "license_expression" in detected_license:
                            lic_exp_list.append(detected_license["license_expression"])
                    if lic_exp_list:
                        fields.append(("license_expression", " AND ".join(lic_exp_list)))

                    lic_key_list = []
                    lic_key_exp_list = []
                    lic_score_list = []
                    for lic in lic_list:
                        _char, lic_keys, _invalid_lic_exp = parse_license_expression(lic["lic_exp"])
                        lic_key_list.append(lic_keys)
                        # for lic_key in lic_keys:
                        #    lic_key_list.append([lic_key])

                    for lic in lic_list:
                        lic_key_exp_list.append(lic["lic_exp"])
                        lic_score_list.append(lic["score"])
                    fields.append(("license_key", lic_key_list))
                    fields.append(("license_key_expression", lic_key_exp_list))
                    fields.append(("license_score", lic_score_list))

                    # The licenses field has been ungrouped and can be removed.
                    # Otherwise, it will gives the following INFO level error
                    # 'Field licenses is a custom field.'
                    licenses_field = (key, value)
                    fields.remove(licenses_field)
            # Make sure the copyrights is present even is empty to avoid error
            # when generating with Jinja
            if not have_copyright:
                fields.append(("copyrights", ""))

        else:
            for key, value in fields:
                if not value:
                    # never return empty or absent fields
                    continue
                if key == "licenses":
                    # FIXME: use a license object instead
                    (
                        lic_key,
                        lic_name,
                        lic_file,
                        lic_url,
                        spdx_lic_key,
                        lic_score,
                        lic_matched_text,
                    ) = ungroup_licenses(value)
                    if lic_key:
                        fields.append(("license_key", lic_key))
                    if lic_name:
                        fields.append(("license_name", lic_name))
                    if lic_file:
                        fields.append(("license_file", lic_file))
                    if lic_url:
                        fields.append(("license_url", lic_url))
                    if spdx_lic_key:
                        fields.append(("spdx_license_key", spdx_lic_key))
                    # The license score is a key from scancode license scan
                    if lic_score:
                        fields.append(("license_score", lic_score))
                    if lic_matched_text:
                        fields.append(("matched_text", lic_matched_text))
                    # The licenses field has been ungrouped and can be removed.
                    # Otherwise, it will gives the following INFO level error
                    # 'Field licenses is a custom field.'
                    licenses_field = (key, value)
                    fields.remove(licenses_field)

        errors = self.process(
            fields=fields,
            about_file_path=self.about_file_path,
            running_inventory=running_inventory,
            base_dir=base_dir,
            scancode=scancode,
            from_attrib=from_attrib,
            reference_dir=reference_dir,
        )
        self.errors = errors
        return errors

    @classmethod
    def from_dict(cls, about_data, base_dir=""):
        """
        Return an About object loaded from a python dict.
        """
        about = cls()
        about.load_dict(about_data, base_dir=base_dir)
        return about

    def dumps(self, licenses_dict=None):
        """
        Return self as a formatted ABOUT string.
        """
        data = {}
        # Group the same license information (name, url, file) together
        license_key = []
        license_name = []
        license_file = []
        license_url = []
        spdx_license_key = []
        bool_fields = [
            "redistribute",
            "attribute",
            "track_changes",
            "modified",
            "internal_use_only",
        ]
        for field in self.all_fields():
            if not field.value and not field.name in bool_fields:
                continue
            if field.name == "license_key" and field.value:
                license_key = field.value
            elif field.name == "license_name" and field.value:
                license_name = field.value
            elif field.name == "license_file" and field.value:
                # Restore the original_value as it was parsed for
                # validation purpose
                if field.original_value:
                    # This line break is for the components that have multiple license
                    # values in CSV format.
                    if "\n" in field.original_value:
                        license_file_list = field.original_value.split("\n")
                        license_file = []
                        # Strip the carriage return character '\r' See #443
                        for lic in license_file_list:
                            if "\r" in lic:
                                license_file.append(lic.strip("\r"))
                            else:
                                license_file.append(lic)
                    else:
                        if isinstance(field.original_value, list):
                            license_file = list(field.value.keys())
                        else:
                            # Restore the original license_file value
                            # See #444
                            license_file = [field.original_value]
                else:
                    license_file = list(field.value.keys())
            elif field.name == "license_url" and field.value:
                license_url = field.value
            elif field.name == "spdx_license_key" and field.value:
                spdx_license_key = field.value
            elif field.name in file_fields and field.value:
                data[field.name] = field.original_value
            elif field.name in bool_fields and not field.value == None:
                data[field.name] = field.value
            else:
                if field.value:
                    data[field.name] = field.value
        # If there is no license_key value, parse the license_expression
        # and get the parsed license key
        if "license_expression" in data:
            if not license_key and data["license_expression"]:
                _spec_char, lic_list, _invalid_lic_exp = parse_license_expression(
                    data["license_expression"]
                )
                license_key = lic_list

        # Group the same license information in a list
        # This `licenses_dict` is a dictionary with license key as the key and the
        # value is the list of [license_name, license_filename, license_context, license_url]
        lic_key_copy = license_key[:]
        lic_dict_list = []
        for lic_key in license_key:
            lic_dict = {}
            if licenses_dict and lic_key in licenses_dict:
                lic_dict["key"] = lic_key
                lic_name, lic_filename, lic_context, lic_url, spdx_lic_key = licenses_dict[lic_key]
                if lic_name:
                    lic_dict["name"] = lic_name
                if lic_filename:
                    lic_dict["file"] = lic_filename
                if lic_url:
                    lic_dict["url"] = lic_url
                if spdx_lic_key:
                    lic_dict["spdx_license_key"] = spdx_lic_key

                # Remove the license information if it has been handled
                # The following condition is to check if license information
                # has been fetched, the license key is invalid or custom if
                # no value for lic_name
                if lic_name:
                    lic_key_copy.remove(lic_key)
                    if lic_name in license_name:
                        license_name.remove(lic_name)
                    if lic_url in license_url:
                        license_url.remove(lic_url)
                    if lic_filename in license_file:
                        license_file.remove(lic_filename)
                    if spdx_lic_key in spdx_license_key:
                        spdx_license_key.remove(spdx_lic_key)
                    lic_dict_list.append(lic_dict)

        # Handle license information that have not been handled.
        # If the len of the lic_key is the same as the lic_file, the tool should
        # assume the lic_file (custom license) is referring this specific lic_key
        # otherwise, the tool shouldn't group them
        if len(lic_key_copy) == len(license_file):
            license_group = list(
                zip_longest(lic_key_copy, license_name, license_file, license_url, spdx_license_key)
            )
        else:
            license_group = list(
                zip_longest(lic_key_copy, license_name, [], license_url, spdx_license_key)
            )
            # Add the unhandled_lic_file if any
            if license_file:
                for lic_file in license_file:
                    license_group.append((None, None, lic_file, None, None))

        for lic_group in license_group:
            lic_dict = {}
            if lic_group[0]:
                lic_dict["key"] = lic_group[0]
            if lic_group[1]:
                lic_dict["name"] = lic_group[1]
            else:
                # If no name is given, treat the key as the name
                if lic_group[0]:
                    lic_dict["name"] = lic_group[0]
            if lic_group[2]:
                lic_dict["file"] = lic_group[2]
            if lic_group[3]:
                lic_dict["url"] = lic_group[3]
            if lic_group[4]:
                lic_dict["spdx_license_key"] = lic_group[4]
            lic_dict_list.append(lic_dict)

        # Format the license information in the same order of the license expression
        for key in license_key:
            for lic_dict in lic_dict_list:
                if key == lic_dict["key"]:
                    data.setdefault("licenses", []).append(lic_dict)
                    lic_dict_list.remove(lic_dict)
                    break

        for lic_dict in lic_dict_list:
            data.setdefault("licenses", []).append(lic_dict)

        return saneyaml.dump(data)

    def dump(self, location, lic_dict=None):
        """
        Write formatted ABOUT representation of self to location.
        """
        loc = util.to_posix(location)
        parent = posixpath.dirname(loc)

        if not posixpath.exists(parent):
            os.makedirs(add_unc(parent))

        about_file_path = loc
        if not about_file_path.endswith(".ABOUT"):
            # FIXME: we should not infer some location.
            if about_file_path.endswith("/"):
                about_file_path = util.to_posix(os.path.join(parent, os.path.basename(parent)))
            about_file_path += ".ABOUT"

        if on_windows:
            about_file_path = add_unc(about_file_path)

        with open(about_file_path, mode="w", encoding="utf-8", errors="replace") as dumped:
            dumped.write(genereated_tk_version)
            dumped.write(self.dumps(lic_dict))

    def dump_android_notice(self, path, context):
        """
        Write the NOITCE file consist of copyright, notice and license
        """
        if on_windows:
            path = add_unc(path)

        with open(path, mode="w", encoding="utf-8", errors="replace") as dumped:
            dumped.write(context)

    def android_module_license(self, about_parent_path):
        """
        Create MODULE_LICENSE_XXX which the XXX is the value of license key.
        """
        for lic_key in self.license_key.value:
            # Make uppercase and with dash and spaces and dots replaced by underscore
            # just to look similar and consistent.
            name = (
                "MODULE_LICENSE_"
                + lic_key.replace(".", "_").replace("-", "_").replace(" ", "_").upper()
            )
            module_lic_path = os.path.join(about_parent_path, name)
            # Create an empty MODULE_LICESE_XXX file
            open(module_lic_path, "a").close()

    def android_notice(self, about_parent_path):
        """
        Return a notice dictionary which the path of the notice file going
        to create will be the key and its context will be the value of the dict.
        """
        # Create NOTICE file with the combination context of copyright,
        # notice_file and license_file
        notice_path = posixpath.join(about_parent_path, "NOTICE")
        notice_context = ""
        if self.copyright.value:
            notice_context += self.copyright.value
        if self.notice_file.value:
            notice_file_dict = self.notice_file.value
            notice_file_key = notice_file_dict.keys()
            for key in notice_file_key:
                if notice_file_dict[key]:
                    notice_context += "\n" + notice_file_dict[key] + "\n"
        if self.license_file.value:
            lic_file_dict = self.license_file.value
            lic_file_key = lic_file_dict.keys()
            for key in lic_file_key:
                if lic_file_dict[key]:
                    notice_context += "\n\n" + lic_file_dict[key] + "\n\n"
        return notice_path, notice_context

    def dump_lic(self, location, license_dict):
        """
        Write LICENSE files and return the a list of key, name, context and the url
        as these information are needed for the ABOUT file
        """
        license_name = license_context = license_url = ""
        loc = util.to_posix(location)
        parent = posixpath.dirname(loc)
        license_key_name_context_url = []

        if not posixpath.exists(parent):
            os.makedirs(add_unc(parent))

        licenses_list = []
        if self.license_expression.present:
            special_char_in_expression, lic_list, invalid_lic_exp = parse_license_expression(
                self.license_expression.value
            )
            if lic_list:
                for lic in lic_list:
                    if lic not in licenses_list:
                        licenses_list.append(lic)
        if self.declared_license_expression.present:
            special_char_in_expression, lic_list, invalid_lic_exp = parse_license_expression(
                self.declared_license_expression.value
            )
            if lic_list:
                for lic in lic_list:
                    if lic not in licenses_list:
                        licenses_list.append(lic)
        if self.other_license_expression.present:
            special_char_in_expression, lic_list, invalid_lic_exp = parse_license_expression(
                self.other_license_expression.value
            )
            if lic_list:
                for lic in lic_list:
                    if lic not in licenses_list:
                        licenses_list.append(lic)
        if licenses_list:
            self.license_key.value = licenses_list
            self.license_key.present = True
            for lic_key in licenses_list:
                license_name = ""
                license_filename = ""
                license_context = ""
                license_url = ""
                spdx_license_key = ""
                if lic_key in license_dict:
                    license_path = posixpath.join(parent, lic_key)
                    license_path += ".LICENSE"
                    license_path = add_unc(license_path)
                    (
                        license_name,
                        license_filename,
                        license_context,
                        license_url,
                        spdx_license_key,
                    ) = license_dict[lic_key]
                    license_info = (
                        lic_key,
                        license_name,
                        license_filename,
                        license_context,
                        license_url,
                        spdx_license_key,
                    )
                    license_key_name_context_url.append(license_info)
                    with open(
                        license_path, mode="w", encoding="utf-8", newline="\n", errors="replace"
                    ) as lic:
                        lic.write(license_context)
                else:
                    # Invalid license issue is already handled
                    license_info = (
                        lic_key,
                        license_name,
                        license_filename,
                        license_context,
                        license_url,
                        spdx_license_key,
                    )
                    license_key_name_context_url.append(license_info)

        return license_key_name_context_url


def collect_inventory(location, exclude=None):
    """
    Collect ABOUT files at location and return a list of errors and a list of
    About objects.
    """
    errors = []
    input_location = util.get_absolute(location)
    about_locations = list(util.get_about_locations(input_location, exclude))

    name_errors = util.check_file_names(about_locations)
    errors.extend(name_errors)
    abouts = []
    custom_fields_list = []
    for about_loc in about_locations:
        about_file_path = util.get_relative_path(input_location, about_loc)
        about = About(about_loc, about_file_path)
        for severity, message in about.errors:
            if "Custom Field" in message:
                field_name = message.replace("Custom Field: ", "").strip()
                if field_name not in custom_fields_list:
                    custom_fields_list.append(field_name)
            else:
                msg = about_file_path + ": " + message
                errors.append(Error(severity, msg))
        abouts.append(about)
    if custom_fields_list:
        custom_fields_err_msg = "Field " + str(custom_fields_list) + " is a custom field."
        errors.append(Error(INFO, custom_fields_err_msg))
    return errors, abouts


def collect_abouts_license_expression(location):
    """
    Read the ABOUT files at location and return a list of ABOUT objects without
    validation. The purpose of this is to speed up the process for `gen_license` command.
    """
    lic_key_list = []
    errors = []
    input_location = util.get_absolute(location)
    about_locations = list(util.get_about_locations(input_location))
    abouts = []

    for loc in about_locations:
        try:
            loc = add_unc(loc)
            with open(loc, encoding="utf-8", errors="replace") as txt:
                input_text = txt.read()
            # saneyaml.load() will have parsing error if the input has
            # tab value. Therefore, we should check if the input contains
            # any tab and then convert it to spaces.
            input = replace_tab_with_spaces(input_text)
            data = saneyaml.load(input, allow_duplicate_keys=False)
            about = About()
            about.load_dict(data, base_dir="")
            abouts.append(about)
        except Exception as e:
            trace = traceback.format_exc()
            msg = "Cannot load invalid ABOUT file: %(location)r: %(e)r\n%(trace)s"
            errors.append(Error(CRITICAL, msg % locals()))

    return errors, abouts


def collect_inventory_license_expression(location, scancode=False, worksheet=None):
    """
    Read the inventory file at location and return a list of  ABOUT objects without
    validation. The purpose of this is to speed up the process for `gen_license` command.
    """
    abouts = []
    errors = []

    if scancode:
        inventory = gen.load_scancode_json(location)
        # ScanCode uses 'detected_license_expression'
        if not "detected_license_expression" in inventory[0]:
            errors.append(Error(CRITICAL, "No 'license_expressions' field in the input."))
            return errors, abouts
    else:
        if location.endswith(".csv"):
            inventory = gen.load_csv(location)
        elif location.endswith(".xlsx"):
            _dup_cols_err, inventory = gen.load_excel(location, worksheet)
        else:
            inventory = gen.load_json(location)
        # Check if 'license_expression' field is in the input
        if not inventory or not "license_expression" in inventory[0]:
            errors.append(Error(CRITICAL, "No 'license_expression' field in the input."))
            return errors, abouts

    for data in inventory:
        about = About()
        about.load_dict(data, base_dir="", scancode=scancode)
        abouts.append(about)
    return errors, abouts


def get_field_names(abouts):
    """
    Given a list of About objects, return a list of any field names that exist
    in any object, including custom fields.
    """
    fields = []
    # fields.append(About.ABOUT_FILE_PATH_ATTR)

    standard_fields = About().fields.keys()
    standards = []
    for a in abouts:
        for name, field in a.fields.items():
            if field.required:
                if name not in standards:
                    standards.append(name)
            else:
                if field.present:
                    if name not in standards:
                        standards.append(name)
    # resort standard fields in standard order
    # which is a tad complex as this is a predefined order
    sorted_std = []
    for fn in standard_fields:
        if fn in standards:
            sorted_std.append(fn)
    fields.extend(sorted_std)

    customs = []
    for a in abouts:
        for name, field in a.custom_fields.items():
            if field.has_content:
                if name not in customs:
                    customs.append(name)
    # always sort custom fields list by name
    customs.sort()
    fields.extend(customs)

    return fields


def copy_redist_src(copy_list, location, output, with_structure):
    """
    Given a list of files/directories and copy to the destination
    """
    errors = []
    for from_path in copy_list:
        norm_from_path = norm(from_path)
        relative_from_path = norm_from_path.partition(util.norm(location))[2]
        # Need to strip the '/' to use the join
        if relative_from_path.startswith("/"):
            relative_from_path = relative_from_path.partition("/")[2]
        # Get the directory name of the output path
        if with_structure:
            output_dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.join(output, util.norm(relative_from_path)))
        else:
            output_dir = output
        err = copy_file(from_path, output_dir)
        if err:
            errors.extend(err)
    return errors


def get_copy_list(abouts, location):
    """
    Return a list of files/directories that need to be copied (and error if any)
    This is a summary list in a sense that if a directory is already in the list,
    its children directories/files will not be included in the list regardless if
    they have 'redistribute' flagged. The reason for this is we want to capture
    the error/warning if existence files/directories already exist. However, if
    we don't have this "summarized" list, and we've copied a file (with directory structure)
    and then later on this file's parent directory also need to be copied, then
    it will prompt warning as the directory that need to be copied is already exist.
    Technically, this is correct, but it leads to confusion. Therefore, we want to
    create a summarized list to avoid this kind of confusion.
    """
    errors = []
    copy_list = []
    dir_list = []
    file_list = []
    for about in abouts:
        if about.redistribute.value:
            file_exist = True
            for e in about.errors:
                if "Field about_resource" in e.message and "not found" in e.message:
                    msg = e.message + " and cannot be copied."
                    errors.append(Error(CRITICAL, msg))
                    file_exist = False
                    continue
            if file_exist:
                for k in about.about_resource.value:
                    from_path = about.about_resource.value.get(k)
                    if on_windows:
                        norm_from_path = norm(from_path)
                    else:
                        norm_from_path = os.path.normpath(from_path)
                    # Get the relative path
                    relative_from_path = norm_from_path.partition(util.norm(location))[2]
                    if os.path.isdir(from_path):
                        if not dir_list:
                            dir_list.append(relative_from_path)
                        else:
                            handled = False
                            for dir in dir_list:
                                # The dir is a parent of the relative_from_path
                                if dir in relative_from_path:
                                    handled = True
                                    continue
                                # The relative_from_path is the parent of the dir
                                # We need to update the dir_list
                                if relative_from_path in dir:
                                    dir_list.remove(dir)
                                    dir_list.append(relative_from_path)
                                    handled = True
                                    continue
                            if not handled:
                                dir_list.append(relative_from_path)
                    else:
                        # Check if the file is from "root"
                        # If the file is at root level, it'll add to the copy_list
                        if not os.path.dirname(relative_from_path) == "/":
                            file_list.append(relative_from_path)
                        else:
                            copy_list.append(from_path)

    for dir in dir_list:
        for f in file_list:
            # The file is already in one of copied directories
            if dir in f:
                file_list.remove(f)
                continue
        if dir.startswith("/"):
            dir = dir.partition("/")[2]
        absolute_path = os.path.join(location, dir)
        if on_windows:
            absolute_path = add_unc(absolute_path)
        copy_list.append(absolute_path)

    for f in file_list:
        if f.startswith("/"):
            f = f.partition("/")[2]
        absolute_path = os.path.join(location, f)
        if on_windows:
            absolute_path = add_unc(absolute_path)
        copy_list.append(absolute_path)

    return copy_list, errors


def about_object_to_list_of_dictionary(abouts):
    """
    Convert About objects to a list of dictionaries
    """
    serialized = []
    for about in abouts:
        # Restore the *_file value to the original value
        # The *_file's original_value may be parsed (i.e. split(',))
        # for validation purpose.
        about.license_file.value = about.license_file.original_value
        about.notice_file.value = about.notice_file.original_value
        about.changelog_file.value = about.changelog_file.original_value
        about.author_file.value = about.author_file.original_value

        # TODO: this wholeblock should be under sd_dict()
        ad = about.as_dict()

        if "about_file_path" in ad.keys():
            afp = ad["about_file_path"]
            afp_parent = posixpath.dirname(afp)
            afp_parent = "/" + afp_parent if not afp_parent.startswith("/") else afp_parent

            # Update the 'about_resource' field with the relative path
            # from the output location
            if "about_resource" in ad.keys():
                about_resource = ad["about_resource"]
                for resource in about_resource:
                    updated_about_resource = posixpath.normpath(
                        posixpath.join(afp_parent, resource)
                    )
                    if resource == ".":
                        if not updated_about_resource == "/":
                            updated_about_resource = updated_about_resource + "/"
                ad["about_resource"] = dict([(updated_about_resource, None)])
            del ad["about_file_path"]
        serialized.append(ad)
    return serialized


def write_output(abouts, location, format):  # NOQA
    """
    Write a CSV/JSON file at location given a list of About objects.
    Return a list of Error objects.
    """
    about_dicts = about_object_to_list_of_dictionary(abouts)
    if not location == "-":
        location = add_unc(location)
    if format == "csv":
        save_as_csv(location, about_dicts, get_field_names(abouts))
    elif format == "json":
        save_as_json(location, about_dicts)
    else:
        save_as_excel(location, about_dicts)


def save_as_json(location, about_dicts):
    """
    Save the given data as a JSON file or print it to standard output.
    """
    data = util.format_about_dict_for_json_output(about_dicts)
    if location == "-":
        json.dump(data, sys.stdout, indent=2)
    else:
        with open(location, mode="w") as output_file:
            output_file.write(json.dumps(data, indent=2))


def save_as_csv(location, about_dicts, field_names):
    """
    Save the given data as a CSV file or print it to standard output.
    """
    if location == "-":
        writer = csv.DictWriter(sys.stdout, field_names)
        writer.writeheader()
        csv_formatted_list = util.format_about_dict_output(about_dicts)
        for row in csv_formatted_list:
            writer.writerow(row)
    else:
        with open(
            location, mode="w", encoding="utf-8", newline="", errors="replace"
        ) as output_file:
            writer = csv.DictWriter(output_file, field_names)
            writer.writeheader()
            csv_formatted_list = util.format_about_dict_output(about_dicts)
            for row in csv_formatted_list:
                writer.writerow(row)


def save_as_excel(location, about_dicts):
    """
    Save the given data as a Excel file.
    """
    formatted_list = util.format_about_dict_output(about_dicts)
    write_excel(location, formatted_list)


def pre_process_and_fetch_license_dict(
    abouts, from_check=False, api_url=None, api_key=None, scancode=False, reference=None
):
    """
    Return a dictionary containing the license information (key, name, text, url)
    fetched from the ScanCode LicenseDB or DejaCode API.
    """
    key_text_dict = {}
    captured_license = []
    errors = []
    if api_url:
        dje_uri = urlparse(api_url)
        domain = "{uri.scheme}://{uri.netloc}/".format(uri=dje_uri)
        lic_urn = urljoin(domain, "urn/?urn=urn:dje:license:")
        url = api_url
    else:
        url = "https://scancode-licensedb.aboutcode.org/"
    if util.have_network_connection():
        if not valid_api_url(url):
            msg = "URL not reachable. Invalid 'URL. License generation is skipped."
            errors.append(Error(ERROR, msg))
    else:
        msg = (
            "Network problem. Please check your Internet connection. License generation is skipped."
        )
        errors.append(Error(ERROR, msg))

    if errors:
        return key_text_dict, errors

    spdx_sclickey_dict = get_spdx_key_and_lic_key_from_licdb()
    for about in abouts:
        # No need to go through all the about objects if '--api_key' is invalid
        auth_error = Error(
            ERROR, "Authorization denied. Invalid '--api_key'. License generation is skipped."
        )
        if auth_error in errors:
            break

        if scancode:
            lic_exp = ""
            lic_list = []
            if about.detected_license_expression.value:
                lic_exp = about.detected_license_expression.value
            about.license_expression.value = lic_exp
            about.license_expression.present = True

        afp = ""
        if about.about_file_path:
            afp = about.about_file_path

        if not about.license_expression.value and about.spdx_license_expression.value:
            lic_exp_value = ""
            special_char_in_expression, lic_list, invalid_lic_exp = parse_license_expression(
                about.spdx_license_expression.value
            )
            if special_char_in_expression or invalid_lic_exp:
                if special_char_in_expression:
                    if afp:
                        msg = (
                            afp
                            + ": The following character(s) cannot be in the spdx_license_expression: "
                            + str(special_char_in_expression)
                        )
                    else:
                        msg = (
                            "The following character(s) cannot be in the spdx_license_expression: "
                            + str(special_char_in_expression)
                        )
                else:
                    if afp:
                        msg = (
                            afp
                            + ": This spdx_license_expression is invalid: "
                            + str(invalid_lic_exp)
                        )
                    else:
                        msg = "This spdx_license_expression is invalid: " + str(invalid_lic_exp)
                errors.append(Error(ERROR, msg))
            else:
                spdx_lic_exp_segment = about.spdx_license_expression.value.split()
                for spdx_lic_key in spdx_lic_exp_segment:
                    if lic_exp_value:
                        lic_exp_value = (
                            lic_exp_value
                            + " "
                            + convert_spdx_expression_to_lic_expression(
                                spdx_lic_key, spdx_sclickey_dict
                            )
                        )
                    else:
                        lic_exp_value = convert_spdx_expression_to_lic_expression(
                            spdx_lic_key, spdx_sclickey_dict
                        )
                if lic_exp_value:
                    about.license_expression.value = lic_exp_value
                    about.license_expression.present = True

        lic_exp_list = []

        if about.declared_license_expression.value:
            special_char_in_expression, lic_list, invalid_lic_exp = parse_license_expression(
                about.declared_license_expression.value
            )
            if special_char_in_expression:
                if afp:
                    msg = (
                        afp
                        + ": The following character(s) cannot be in the declared_license_expression: "
                        + str(special_char_in_expression)
                    )
                else:
                    msg = (
                        "The following character(s) cannot be in the declared_license_expression: "
                        + str(special_char_in_expression)
                    )
                errors.append(Error(ERROR, msg))
            if invalid_lic_exp:
                if afp:
                    msg = (
                        afp
                        + ": This declared_license_expression is invalid: "
                        + str(invalid_lic_exp)
                    )
                else:
                    msg = "This declared_license_expression is invalid: " + str(invalid_lic_exp)
                errors.append(Error(ERROR, msg))
            if lic_list:
                lic_exp_list.extend(lic_list)

        if about.other_license_expression.value:
            special_char_in_expression, lic_list, invalid_lic_exp = parse_license_expression(
                about.other_license_expression.value
            )
            if special_char_in_expression:
                if afp:
                    msg = (
                        afp
                        + ": The following character(s) cannot be in the other_license_expression: "
                        + str(special_char_in_expression)
                    )
                else:
                    msg = "This declared_license_expression is invalid: " + str(invalid_lic_exp)
                errors.append(Error(ERROR, msg))
            if invalid_lic_exp:
                if afp:
                    msg = (
                        afp + ": This other_license_expression is invalid: " + str(invalid_lic_exp)
                    )
                else:
                    msg = "This other_license_expression is invalid: " + str(invalid_lic_exp)
                errors.append(Error(ERROR, msg))
            if lic_list:
                lic_exp_list.extend(lic_list)

        if about.license_expression.value:
            special_char_in_expression, lic_list, invalid_lic_exp = parse_license_expression(
                about.license_expression.value
            )
            if special_char_in_expression:
                if afp:
                    msg = (
                        afp
                        + ": The following character(s) cannot be in the license_expression: "
                        + str(special_char_in_expression)
                    )
                else:
                    msg = "The following character(s) cannot be in the license_expression: " + str(
                        special_char_in_expression
                    )
                errors.append(Error(ERROR, msg))
            if invalid_lic_exp:
                if afp:
                    msg = afp + ": This license_expression is invalid: " + str(invalid_lic_exp)
                else:
                    msg = "This license_expression is invalid: " + str(invalid_lic_exp)
                errors.append(Error(ERROR, msg))
            if lic_list:
                lic_exp_list.extend(lic_list)
            if not about.license_key.value:
                about.license_key.value = lic_list

        if lic_exp_list:
            for lic_key in lic_exp_list:
                if not lic_key in captured_license:
                    lic_url = ""
                    license_name = ""
                    license_filename = ""
                    license_text = ""
                    spdx_license_key = ""
                    detail_list = []
                    captured_license.append(lic_key)
                    if api_key:
                        license_data, errs = api.get_license_details_from_api(url, api_key, lic_key)
                        # Catch incorrect API URL
                        if errs:
                            _, msg = errs[0]
                            if msg == "Invalid '--api_url'. License generation is skipped.":
                                errors.extend(errs)
                                return key_text_dict, errors
                        for severity, message in errs:
                            msg = afp + ": " + message
                            errors.append(Error(severity, msg))
                        # We don't want to actually get the license information from the
                        # check utility
                        if from_check:
                            continue
                        if not license_data:
                            continue
                        license_name = license_data.get("short_name", "")
                        license_text = license_data.get("full_text", "")
                        spdx_license_key = license_data.get("spdx_license_key", "")
                        license_filename = lic_key + ".LICENSE"
                        lic_url = lic_urn + lic_key
                    else:
                        license_url = url + lic_key + ".json"
                        license_text_url = url + lic_key + ".LICENSE"
                        try:
                            response = head(license_url)
                            if response.status_code < 400:
                                json_url_content = get(license_url).text
                                # We don't want to actually get the license
                                # information from the check utility
                                if from_check:
                                    continue
                                data = json.loads(json_url_content)
                                license_name = data["short_name"]
                                license_text = get(license_text_url).text
                                license_filename = data["key"] + ".LICENSE"
                                lic_url = url + license_filename
                                spdx_license_key = data["spdx_license_key"]
                            else:
                                if afp:
                                    msg = afp + " : Invalid 'license': " + lic_key
                                else:
                                    msg = "Invalid 'license': " + lic_key
                                errors.append(Error(ERROR, msg))
                                continue
                        except exceptions.RequestException as e:
                            msg = f"An error occurred while trying to access the URL: {e}"
                            errors.append(Error(ERROR, msg))
                    if not from_check:
                        detail_list.append(license_name)
                        detail_list.append(license_filename)
                        detail_list.append(license_text)
                        detail_list.append(lic_url)
                        detail_list.append(spdx_license_key)
                        key_text_dict[lic_key] = detail_list
    return key_text_dict, errors


def convert_spdx_expression_to_lic_expression(spdx_key, spdx_lic_dict):
    """
    Translate the spdx_license_expression to license_expression and return
    errors if spdx_license_key is not matched
    """
    value = ""
    if spdx_key in spdx_lic_dict:
        value = spdx_lic_dict[spdx_key]
    else:
        if spdx_key.startswith("("):
            mod_key = spdx_key.partition("(")[2]
            value = "(" + convert_spdx_expression_to_lic_expression(mod_key, spdx_lic_dict)
        elif spdx_key.endswith(")"):
            mod_key = spdx_key.rpartition(")")[0]
            value = convert_spdx_expression_to_lic_expression(mod_key, spdx_lic_dict) + ")"
        else:
            # This can be operator or key that don't have match
            value = spdx_key
    return value


def parse_license_expression(lic_expression):
    licensing = Licensing()
    lic_list = []
    invalid_lic_exp = ""
    special_char = detect_special_char(lic_expression)
    if not special_char:
        # Parse the license expression and save it into a list
        try:
            lic_list = licensing.license_keys(lic_expression)
        except:
            invalid_lic_exp = lic_expression
    return special_char, lic_list, invalid_lic_exp


def detect_special_char(expression):
    not_support_char = [
        "!",
        "@",
        "#",
        "$",
        "^",
        "&",
        "*",
        "=",
        "{",
        "}",
        "|",
        "[",
        "]",
        "\\",
        ":",
        ";",
        "<",
        ">",
        "?",
        ",",
        "/",
    ]
    special_character = []
    for char in not_support_char:
        if char in expression:
            special_character.append(char)
    return special_character


def valid_api_url(api_url):
    try:
        response = get(api_url)
        # The 403 error code is expected if the api_url is pointing to DJE as no
        # API key is provided. The 200 status code represent connection success
        # to scancode's LicenseDB. All other exception yield to invalid api_url
        if response.status_code == 403 or response.status_code == 200:
            return True
        else:
            return False
    except:
        return False